Page 11 - FLUID MECHANICS EBOOK FINAL (2)
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FLUID MECHANICS
4.0 FLUID DYNAMICS ......................................................................................................... 59
4.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOW ......................................................................................... 59
4.1.2 Characteristics of Laminar, Transition and Turbulent Flow .................................. 60
4.2 VOLUME FLOW RATE AND MASS FLOW RATE............................................................. 61
4.2.1 Discharge ( Volume Flow Rate).............................................................................. 61
4.2.2 Mass Flow rate ....................................................................................................... 61
4.3 CONTINUITY EQUATION LAW ...................................................................................... 63
4.4 Energy of a flowing fluid .............................................................................................. 69
4.5 Definition of Bernoulli’s Equation ................................................................................ 71
4.5.1. The limits of Bernoulli’s Equation .............................................................................. 72
4.5.2 Application of Bernoulli’s Equation ....................................................................... 73
4.5.3 Mechanism of a Venturi Meter ............................................................................. 76
Exercise .......................................................................................................................... 106
5.0 ENERGY LOSS IN PIPELINES ........................................................................................ 108
5.1 ROUND PIPE SYSTEM ................................................................................................. 108
5.2 TYPES OF HEAD LOSS ................................................................................................. 109
5.2.1 Shock loss at sudden enlargement ..................................................................... 109
5.2.2 Shock loss at sudden contraction ........................................................................ 113
5.2.3 Friction Loss ......................................................................................................... 117
5.3 Pipeline Problems ...................................................................................................... 118
5.3.1 Discharge to atmosphere .................................................................................... 118
5.3.2 Pipe in series ........................................................................................................ 121
5.3.4 Hydraulic Gradient ............................................................................................... 124
Exercise .......................................................................................................................... 128
6.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 130
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