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3.4.4 HAZARD and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
The Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) are a form of detailed examination
used to identify potential hazards and operational problems in terms of process
industries especially chemical industry, plant design and human error. The technique
should be applied to a plant during final design before construction commences.
Below is an example of HAZOP applications.
Figure 3.9 HAZOP
3.4.5 Fault and Logic Tree Analysis
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) or Logic Tree Analysis (LTA) is a systematic and
development of logical factors that contribute to any fault or unwanted event. It
also known as top-down or deductive failure analysis to combine a series of lower-
level events. This analysis method is used to quantitatively determine the probability
of a safety hazard. Below is an example of Fault Tree Analysis.
Figure 3.10 Fault and Logic Tree Analysis
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