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FLUID MECHANICS
4.0 FLUID DYNAMICS ......................................................................................................... 56
4.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOW ......................................................................................... 56
4.1.2 Characteristics of Laminar, Transition and Turbulent Flow .................................. 57
4.2 VOLUME FLOW RATE AND MASS FLOW RATE............................................................. 58
4.2.1 Discharge ( Volume Flow Rate).............................................................................. 58
4.2.2 Mass Flow rate ....................................................................................................... 58
4.3 CONTINUITY EQUATION LAW ...................................................................................... 60
4.4 Energy of a flowing fluid .............................................................................................. 66
4.5 Definition of Bernoulli’s Equation ................................................................................ 68
4.5.1. The limits of Bernoulli’s Equation .............................................................................. 69
4.5.2 Application of Bernoulli’s Equation ....................................................................... 70
4.5.3 Mechanism of a Venturi Meter ............................................................................. 73
Exercise .......................................................................................................................... 103
5.0 ENERGY LOSS IN PIPELINES ........................................................................................ 105
5.1 ROUND PIPE SYSTEM ................................................................................................. 105
5.2 TYPES OF HEAD LOSS ................................................................................................. 106
5.2.1 Shock loss at sudden enlargement ..................................................................... 106
5.2.2 Shock loss at sudden contraction ........................................................................ 110
5.2.3 Friction Loss ......................................................................................................... 114
5.3 Pipeline Problems ...................................................................................................... 115
5.3.1 Discharge to atmosphere .................................................................................... 116
5.3.2 Pipe in series ........................................................................................................ 118
5.3.4 Hydraulic Gradient ............................................................................................... 121
Exercise .......................................................................................................................... 125
6.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 127
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