Page 15 - eBOOK ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR FULL REPORT (eISBN)

b) Processes

Processes are actions that individuals, groups and organizations engage in as a result of

inputs and that lead to certain outcomes. At the individual level, processes include

emotions and moods, motivation, perception, and decision making. At the group level,
they include communication, leadership, power and politics, and conflict and

negotiation. Finally, at the organizational level, processes include human resource

management and change practices.

c) Outcomes

Outcomes are the key variables that you want to explain or predict, and that are

affected by some other variables. What are the primary outcomes in OB? Scholars have

emphasized individual-level outcomes like attitudes and satisfaction, task performance,
citizenship behavior, and withdrawal behavior. At the group level, cohesion and

functioning are the dependent variables. Finally, at the organizational level we look at

overall profitability and survival.

1.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Applying Organizational Behavior Concept

a) Responding to Economic Pressures

During difficult economic times, effective management is an asset. Anybody can run a
company when business is booming, because the difference between good and bad

management reflects the difference between making a lot of money and making a lot

more money. In good times, understanding how to reward, satisfy and retain

employees is at a premium. In bad times, issues like stress, decision making, and coping
come to fore.

b) Responding to Globalization

Organizations are no longer constrained by national borders. The world has become a
global village. In the process, the manager’s job has changed. If you’re a manager, you

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